On 29/03/2022 18:01, Quentin Perret wrote:

On Monday 28 Mar 2022 at 18:58:35 (+0000), Sean Christopherson wrote:

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On Mon, Mar 28, 2022, Quentin Perret wrote:

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Hi Sean,

Thanks for the reply, this helps a lot.

On Monday 28 Mar 2022 at 17:13:10 (+0000), Sean Christopherson wrote:

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On Thu, Mar 24, 2022, Quentin Perret wrote:

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For Protected KVM (and I suspect most other confidential computing
solutions), guests have the ability to share some of their pages back
with the host kernel using a dedicated hypercall. This is necessary
for e.g. virtio communications, so these shared pages need to be mapped
back into the VMM's address space. I'm a bit confused about how that
would work with the approach proposed here. What is going to be the
approach for TDX?

It feels like the most 'natural' thing would be to have a KVM exit
reason describing which pages have been shared back by the guest, and to
then allow the VMM to mmap those specific pages in response in the
memfd. Is this something that has been discussed or considered?

The proposed solution is to exit to userspace with a new exit reason, KVM_EXIT_MEMORY_ERROR,
when the guest makes the hypercall to request conversion[1].  The private fd itself
will never allow mapping memory into userspace, instead userspace will need to punch
a hole in the private fd backing store.  The absense of a valid mapping in the private
fd is how KVM detects that a pfn is "shared" (memslots without a private fd are always
shared)[2].

Right. I'm still a bit confused about how the VMM is going to get the
shared page mapped in its page-table. Once it has punched a hole into
the private fd, how is it supposed to access the actual physical page
that the guest shared?

The guest doesn't share a _host_ physical page, the guest shares a _guest_ physical
page.  Until host userspace converts the gfn to shared and thus maps the gfn=>hva
via mmap(), the guest is blocked and can't read/write/exec the memory.  AFAIK, no
architecture allows in-place decryption of guest private memory.  s390 allows a
page to be "made accessible" to the host for the purposes of swap, and other
architectures will have similar behavior for migrating a protected VM, but those
scenarios are not sharing the page (and they also make the page inaccessible to
the guest).

I see. FWIW, since pKVM is entirely MMU-based, we are in fact capable of
doing in-place sharing, which also means it can retain the content of
the page as part of the conversion.

Also, I'll ask the Arm CCA developers to correct me if this is wrong, but
I _believe_ it should be technically possible to do in-place sharing for
them too.

In general this isn't possible as the physical memory could be
encrypted, so some temporary memory is required. We have prototyped
having a single temporary page for the setup when populating the guest's
initial memory - this has the nice property of not requiring any
additional allocation during the process but with the downside of
effectively two memcpy()s per page (one to the temporary page and
another, with optional encryption, into the now private page).

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Is there an assumption somewhere that the VMM should have this page mapped in
via an alias that it can legally access only once it has punched a hole at
the corresponding offset in the private fd or something along those lines?

Yes, the VMM must have a completely separate VMA.  The VMM doesn't haven't to
wait until the conversion to mmap() the shared variant, though obviously it will
potentially consume double the memory if the VMM actually populates both the
private and shared backing stores.

Gotcha. This is what confused me I think -- in this approach private and
shared pages are in fact entirely different.

In which scenario could you end up with both the private and shared
pages live at the same time? Would this be something like follows?

 - userspace creates a private fd, fallocates into it, and associates
   the <fd, offset, size> tuple with a private memslot;

 - userspace then mmaps anonymous memory (for ex.), and associates it
   with a standard memslot, which happens to be positioned at exactly
   the right offset w.r.t to the private memslot (with this offset
   defined by the bit that is set for the private addresses in the gpa
   space);

 - the guest runs, and accesses both 'aliases' of the page without doing
   an explicit share hypercall.

Is there another option?

AIUI you can have both private and shared "live" at the same time. But
you can have a page allocated both in the private fd and in the same
location in the (shared) memslot in the VMM's memory map. In this
situation the private fd page effectively hides the shared page.

Is implicit sharing a thing? E.g., if a guest makes a memory access in
the shared gpa range at an address that doesn't have a backing memslot,
will KVM check whether there is a corresponding private memslot at the
right offset with a hole punched and report a KVM_EXIT_MEMORY_ERROR? Or
would that just generate an MMIO exit as usual?

My understanding is that the guest needs some way of tagging whether a
page is expected to be shared or private. On the architectures I'm aware
of this is done by effectively stealing a bit from the IPA space and
pretending it's a flag bit.

So when a guest access causes a fault, the flag bit (really part of the
intermediate physical address) is compared against whether the page is
present in the private fd. If they correspond (i.e. a private access and
the private fd has a page, or a shared access and there's a hole in the
private fd) then the appropriate page is mapped and the guest continues.
If there's a mismatch then a KVM_EXIT_MEMORY_ERROR exit is trigged and
the VMM is expected to fix up the situation (either convert the page or
kill the guest if this was unexpected).

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The key point is that KVM never decides to convert between shared and private, it's
always a userspace decision.  Like normal memslots, where userspace has full control
over what gfns are a valid, this gives userspace full control over whether a gfn is
shared or private at any given time.

I'm understanding this as 'the VMM is allowed to punch holes in the
private fd whenever it wants'. Is this correct?

From the kernel's perspective, yes, the VMM can punch holes at any time.  From a
"do I want to DoS my guest" perspective, the VMM must honor its contract with the
guest and not spuriously unmap private memory.

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What happens if it does so for a page that a guest hasn't shared back?

When the hole is punched, KVM will unmap the corresponding private SPTEs.  If the
guest is still accessing the page as private, the next access will fault and KVM
will exit to userspace with KVM_EXIT_MEMORY_ERROR.  Of course the guest is probably
hosed if the hole punch was truly spurious, as at least hardware-based protected VMs
effectively destroy data when a private page is unmapped from the guest private SPTEs.

E.g. Linux guests for TDX and SNP will panic/terminate in such a scenario as they
will get a fault (injected by trusted hardware/firmware) saying that the guest is
trying to access an unaccepted/unvalidated page (TDX and SNP require the guest to
explicit accept all private pages that aren't part of the guest's initial pre-boot
image).

I suppose this is necessary is to prevent the VMM from re-fallocating
in a hole it previously punched and re-entering the guest without
notifying it?

I don't know specifically about TDX/SNP, but one thing we want to
prevent with CCA is the VMM deallocating/reallocating a private page
without the guest being aware (i.e. corrupting the guest's state). So
punching a hole will taint the address such that a future access by the
guest is fatal (unless the guest first jumps through the right hoops to
acknowledge that it was expecting such a thing).

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Another important detail is that this approach means the kernel and KVM treat the
shared backing store and private backing store as independent, albeit related,
entities.  This is very deliberate as it makes it easier to reason about what is
and isn't allowed/required.  E.g. the kernel only needs to handle freeing private
memory, there is no special handling for conversion to shared because no such path
exists as far as host pfns are concerned.  And userspace doesn't need any new "rules"
for protecting itself against a malicious guest, e.g. userspace already needs to
ensure that it has a valid mapping prior to accessing guest memory (or be able to
handle any resulting signals).  A malicious guest can DoS itself by instructing
userspace to communicate over memory that is currently mapped private, but there
are no new novel attack vectors from the host's perspective as coercing the host
into accessing an invalid mapping after shared=>private conversion is just a variant
of a use-after-free.

Interesting. I was (maybe incorrectly) assuming that it would be
difficult to handle illegal host accesses w/ TDX. IOW, this would
essentially crash the host. Is this remotely correct or did I get that
wrong?

Handling illegal host kernel accesses for both TDX and SEV-SNP is extremely
difficult, bordering on impossible.  That's one of the biggest, if not _the_
biggest, motivations for the private fd approach.  On "conversion", the page that is
used to back the shared variant is a completely different, unrelated host physical
page.  Whether or not the private/shared backing page is freed is orthogonal to
what version is mapped into the guest.  E.g. if the guest converts a 4kb chunk of
a 2mb hugepage, the private backing store could keep the physical page on hole
punch (example only, I don't know if this is the actual proposed implementation).

The idea is that it'll be much, much more difficult for the host to perform an
illegal access if the actual private memory is not mapped anywhere (modulo the
kernel's direct map, which we may or may not leave intact).  The private backing
store just needs to ensure it properly sanitizing pages before freeing them.

Understood.

I'm overall inclined to think that while this abstraction works nicely
for TDX and the likes, it might not suit pKVM all that well in the
current form, but it's close.

What do you think of extending the model proposed here to also address
the needs of implementations that support in-place sharing? One option
would be to have KVM notify the private-fd backing store when a page is
shared back by a guest, which would then allow host userspace to mmap
that particular page in the private fd instead of punching a hole.

This should retain the main property you're after: private pages that
are actually mapped in the guest SPTE aren't mmap-able, but all the
others are fair game.

Thoughts?

How do you propose this works if the page shared by the guest then needs
to be made private again? If there's no hole punched then it's not
possible to just repopulate the private-fd. I'm struggling to see how
that could work. Having said that; if we can work out a way to safely
mmap() pages from the private-fd there's definitely some benefits to be
had - e.g. it could be used to populate the initial memory before the
guest is started.

Steve