[PATCH 1/2] mm/compaction: keep compaction deferral state per migration mode

WARM1d

From: Qiliang Yuan <hidden>
Date: 2026-10-01 15:34:14
Also in: linux-mm, lkml
Subsystem: memory management, memory management - core, memory management - mglru (multi-gen lru), memory management - page allocator, the rest, tracing · Maintainers: Andrew Morton, David Hildenbrand, Vlastimil Babka, Linus Torvalds, Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu

try_to_compact_pages() defers a zone only after sync compaction fails,
so a failed async direct compaction is never deferred and repeats the
same futile zone scan on the next attempt. Deferring async compaction
needs state of its own: sync compaction may still succeed on the
pageblocks async skips, so it mustn't be deferred along with it.

Turn compact_considered, compact_defer_shift and compact_order_failed
into arrays indexed by sync, like compact_cached_migrate_pfn, and pass
the mode to the deferral helpers and tracepoints. All callers use the
sync state for now and a reset clears both. The deferral tracepoints
gain a sync field telling which state they report.

Signed-off-by: Qiliang Yuan <redacted>
---
 include/linux/mmzone.h            |  7 +++--
 include/trace/events/compaction.h | 27 ++++++++++--------
 mm/compaction.c                   | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 3 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h
index 94f9c3ff54160..91fbaa7aec6f9 100644
--- a/include/linux/mmzone.h
+++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h

@@ -1140,10 +1140,11 @@ struct zone {
 	 * are skipped before trying again. The number attempted since
 	 * last failure is tracked with compact_considered.
 	 * compact_order_failed is the minimum compaction failed order.
+	 * Indexed by sync, like compact_cached_migrate_pfn.
 	 */
-	unsigned int		compact_considered;
-	unsigned int		compact_defer_shift;
-	int			compact_order_failed;
+	unsigned int		compact_considered[ASYNC_AND_SYNC];
+	unsigned int		compact_defer_shift[ASYNC_AND_SYNC];
+	int			compact_order_failed[ASYNC_AND_SYNC];
 #endif
 
 #if defined CONFIG_COMPACTION || defined CONFIG_CMA

diff --git a/include/trace/events/compaction.h b/include/trace/events/compaction.h
index d05759d185389..23ac6e1750623 100644
--- a/include/trace/events/compaction.h
+++ b/include/trace/events/compaction.h

@@ -238,14 +238,15 @@ DEFINE_EVENT(mm_compaction_suitable_template, mm_compaction_suitable,
 
 DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(mm_compaction_defer_template,
 
-	TP_PROTO(struct zone *zone, int order),
+	TP_PROTO(struct zone *zone, int order, bool sync),
 
-	TP_ARGS(zone, order),
+	TP_ARGS(zone, order, sync),
 
 	TP_STRUCT__entry(
 		__field(int, nid)
 		__field(enum zone_type, idx)
 		__field(int, order)
+		__field(bool, sync)
 		__field(unsigned int, considered)
 		__field(unsigned int, defer_shift)
 		__field(int, order_failed)

@@ -255,15 +256,17 @@ DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(mm_compaction_defer_template,
 		__entry->nid = zone_to_nid(zone);
 		__entry->idx = zone_idx(zone);
 		__entry->order = order;
-		__entry->considered = zone->compact_considered;
-		__entry->defer_shift = zone->compact_defer_shift;
-		__entry->order_failed = zone->compact_order_failed;
+		__entry->sync = sync;
+		__entry->considered = zone->compact_considered[sync];
+		__entry->defer_shift = zone->compact_defer_shift[sync];
+		__entry->order_failed = zone->compact_order_failed[sync];
 	),
 
-	TP_printk("node=%d zone=%-8s order=%d order_failed=%d consider=%u limit=%lu",
+	TP_printk("node=%d zone=%-8s order=%d sync=%d order_failed=%d consider=%u limit=%lu",
 		__entry->nid,
 		__print_symbolic(__entry->idx, ZONE_TYPE),
 		__entry->order,
+		__entry->sync,
 		__entry->order_failed,
 		__entry->considered,
 		1UL << __entry->defer_shift)

@@ -271,23 +274,23 @@ DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(mm_compaction_defer_template,
 
 DEFINE_EVENT(mm_compaction_defer_template, mm_compaction_deferred,
 
-	TP_PROTO(struct zone *zone, int order),
+	TP_PROTO(struct zone *zone, int order, bool sync),
 
-	TP_ARGS(zone, order)
+	TP_ARGS(zone, order, sync)
 );
 
 DEFINE_EVENT(mm_compaction_defer_template, mm_compaction_defer_compaction,
 
-	TP_PROTO(struct zone *zone, int order),
+	TP_PROTO(struct zone *zone, int order, bool sync),
 
-	TP_ARGS(zone, order)
+	TP_ARGS(zone, order, sync)
 );
 
 DEFINE_EVENT(mm_compaction_defer_template, mm_compaction_defer_reset,
 
-	TP_PROTO(struct zone *zone, int order),
+	TP_PROTO(struct zone *zone, int order, bool sync),
 
-	TP_ARGS(zone, order)
+	TP_ARGS(zone, order, sync)
 );
 
 TRACE_EVENT(mm_compaction_kcompactd_sleep,

diff --git a/mm/compaction.c b/mm/compaction.c
index a049415512c67..7f8845d1990aa 100644
--- a/mm/compaction.c
+++ b/mm/compaction.c

@@ -124,35 +124,35 @@ static unsigned long release_free_list(struct list_head *freepages)
  * allocation success. 1 << compact_defer_shift, compactions are skipped up
  * to a limit of 1 << COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT
  */
-static void defer_compaction(struct zone *zone, int order)
+static void defer_compaction(struct zone *zone, int order, bool sync)
 {
-	zone->compact_considered = 0;
-	zone->compact_defer_shift++;
+	zone->compact_considered[sync] = 0;
+	zone->compact_defer_shift[sync]++;
 
-	if (order < zone->compact_order_failed)
-		zone->compact_order_failed = order;
+	if (order < zone->compact_order_failed[sync])
+		zone->compact_order_failed[sync] = order;
 
-	if (zone->compact_defer_shift > COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT)
-		zone->compact_defer_shift = COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT;
+	if (zone->compact_defer_shift[sync] > COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT)
+		zone->compact_defer_shift[sync] = COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT;
 
-	trace_mm_compaction_defer_compaction(zone, order);
+	trace_mm_compaction_defer_compaction(zone, order, sync);
 }
 
 /* Returns true if compaction should be skipped this time */
-static bool compaction_deferred(struct zone *zone, int order)
+static bool compaction_deferred(struct zone *zone, int order, bool sync)
 {
-	unsigned long defer_limit = 1UL << zone->compact_defer_shift;
+	unsigned long defer_limit = 1UL << zone->compact_defer_shift[sync];
 
-	if (order < zone->compact_order_failed)
+	if (order < zone->compact_order_failed[sync])
 		return false;
 
 	/* Avoid possible overflow */
-	if (++zone->compact_considered >= defer_limit) {
-		zone->compact_considered = defer_limit;
+	if (++zone->compact_considered[sync] >= defer_limit) {
+		zone->compact_considered[sync] = defer_limit;
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	trace_mm_compaction_deferred(zone, order);
+	trace_mm_compaction_deferred(zone, order, sync);
 
 	return true;
 }

@@ -165,24 +165,28 @@ static bool compaction_deferred(struct zone *zone, int order)
 void compaction_defer_reset(struct zone *zone, int order,
 		bool alloc_success)
 {
-	if (alloc_success) {
-		zone->compact_considered = 0;
-		zone->compact_defer_shift = 0;
+	int sync;
+
+	for (sync = 0; sync < ASYNC_AND_SYNC; sync++) {
+		if (alloc_success) {
+			zone->compact_considered[sync] = 0;
+			zone->compact_defer_shift[sync] = 0;
+		}
+		if (order >= zone->compact_order_failed[sync])
+			zone->compact_order_failed[sync] = order + 1;
 	}
-	if (order >= zone->compact_order_failed)
-		zone->compact_order_failed = order + 1;
 
-	trace_mm_compaction_defer_reset(zone, order);
+	trace_mm_compaction_defer_reset(zone, order, true);
 }
 
-/* Returns true if restarting compaction after many failures */
+/* Returns true if restarting sync compaction after many failures */
 static bool compaction_restarting(struct zone *zone, int order)
 {
-	if (order < zone->compact_order_failed)
+	if (order < zone->compact_order_failed[true])
 		return false;
 
-	return zone->compact_defer_shift == COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT &&
-		zone->compact_considered >= 1UL << zone->compact_defer_shift;
+	return zone->compact_defer_shift[true] == COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT &&
+		zone->compact_considered[true] >= 1UL << zone->compact_defer_shift[true];
 }
 
 /* Returns true if the pageblock should be scanned for pages to isolate. */

@@ -2855,7 +2859,7 @@ enum compact_result try_to_compact_pages(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order,
 				continue;
 
 		if (prio > MIN_COMPACT_PRIORITY
-					&& compaction_deferred(zone, order)) {
+					&& compaction_deferred(zone, order, true)) {
 			rc = max_t(enum compact_result, COMPACT_DEFERRED, rc);
 			continue;
 		}

@@ -2893,7 +2897,7 @@ enum compact_result try_to_compact_pages(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order,
 			 * so we defer compaction there. If it ends up
 			 * succeeding after all, it will be reset.
 			 */
-			defer_compaction(zone, order);
+			defer_compaction(zone, order, true);
 
 		/*
 		 * We might have stopped compacting due to need_resched() in

@@ -3111,7 +3115,7 @@ static void kcompactd_do_work(pg_data_t *pgdat)
 		if (!populated_zone(zone))
 			continue;
 
-		if (compaction_deferred(zone, cc.order))
+		if (compaction_deferred(zone, cc.order, true))
 			continue;
 
 		ret = compaction_suit_allocation_order(zone,

@@ -3141,7 +3145,7 @@ static void kcompactd_do_work(pg_data_t *pgdat)
 			 * We use sync migration mode here, so we defer like
 			 * sync direct compaction does.
 			 */
-			defer_compaction(zone, cc.order);
+			defer_compaction(zone, cc.order, true);
 		}
 
 		count_compact_events(KCOMPACTD_MIGRATE_SCANNED,

-- 
2.43.0

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