[PATCH] x86/stacktrace: Mark arch_stack_walk() and unwinder functions notrace

From: Yuanhe Shu <hidden>
Date: 2026-07-06 09:55:08
Also in: lkml, stable
Subsystem: the rest, x86 architecture (32-bit and 64-bit), x86 stack unwinding · Maintainers: Linus Torvalds, Thomas Gleixner, Ingo Molnar, Borislav Petkov, Dave Hansen, Josh Poimboeuf, Peter Zijlstra

When the function tracer's func_stack_trace option and the function graph
profiler (function_profile_enabled) are both active, a recursive ftrace
reentrance can occur, leading to a hard lockup. This was observed during
ftrace selftest (ftracetest-ktap) execution:

  watchdog: Watchdog detected hard LOCKUP on cpu 204
  RIP: profile_graph_entry+0xa0/0x160
  Call Trace:
   function_graph_enter+0xc9/0x120
   arch_ftrace_ops_list_func+0x112/0x230
   ftrace_call+0x5/0x44
   unwind_next_frame+0x5/0x870     <-- traced by ftrace
   arch_stack_walk+0x88/0xf0
   stack_trace_save+0x4b/0x70
   __ftrace_trace_stack+0x12e/0x170
   function_stack_trace_call+0x7c/0xa0
   arch_ftrace_ops_list_func+0x112/0x230
   ftrace_call+0x5/0x44
   irqtime_account_irq+0x5/0xb0
   __irq_exit_rcu+0x12/0xc0
   ...

The root cause is a recursive ftrace reentrance:
function_stack_trace_call() invokes __trace_stack() ->
arch_stack_walk() -> unwind_next_frame() to capture a backtrace.
Since the unwinder functions (__unwind_start(),
unwind_next_frame(), unwind_get_return_address(),
unwind_get_return_address_ptr()) are not marked notrace, the
function graph tracer instruments them, re-entering the ftrace
infrastructure from within an ftrace callback. This results in a
hard lockup with interrupts disabled, detected by the watchdog NMI.

On arm64 and riscv, arch_stack_walk() has already been marked
noinstr to prevent this class of bugs. See
commit 0fbcd8abf337 ("arm64: Prohibit instrumentation on arch_stack_walk()")
and commit 23b2188920a2 ("riscv: stacktrace: convert arch_stack_walk() to noinstr").
However, x86 was not fixed because:

 1) x86's return_address() uses the generic
    __builtin_return_address() instead of arch_stack_walk(), so the
    lockdep recursion path that triggered the arm64 fix does not
    exist on x86.

 2) On arm64, all unwinder helpers are __always_inline within
    arch_stack_walk(), so a single noinstr annotation suffices.
    On riscv, the helper walk_stackframe() was already marked
    notrace. On x86 however, the ORC unwinder implements
    __unwind_start(), unwind_next_frame(), and
    unwind_get_return_address() as separate non-inline exported
    functions without any instrumentation protection, so marking
    only arch_stack_walk() is insufficient.

Fix this by marking arch_stack_walk() and the non-inline unwinder
functions it calls (__unwind_start(), unwind_next_frame(),
unwind_get_return_address(), unwind_get_return_address_ptr())
as notrace, preventing ftrace from instrumenting the entire stack
unwinding path.

Fixes: 3599fe12a125 ("x86/stacktrace: Use common infrastructure")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Yuanhe Shu <redacted>
---
 arch/x86/include/asm/unwind.h  | 10 +++++-----
 arch/x86/kernel/stacktrace.c   | 12 ++++++++++--
 arch/x86/kernel/unwind_frame.c | 10 +++++-----
 arch/x86/kernel/unwind_guess.c | 10 +++++-----
 arch/x86/kernel/unwind_orc.c   | 10 +++++-----
 5 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/unwind.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/unwind.h
index 7cede4dc21f0..15b699f2edc0 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/unwind.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/unwind.h

@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ struct unwind_state {
 #endif
 };
 
-void __unwind_start(struct unwind_state *state, struct task_struct *task,
-		    struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long *first_frame);
-bool unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state);
-unsigned long unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state);
-unsigned long *unwind_get_return_address_ptr(struct unwind_state *state);
+void notrace __unwind_start(struct unwind_state *state, struct task_struct *task,
+			    struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long *first_frame);
+bool notrace unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state);
+unsigned long notrace unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state);
+unsigned long *notrace unwind_get_return_address_ptr(struct unwind_state *state);
 
 static inline bool unwind_done(struct unwind_state *state)
 {

diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/stacktrace.c b/arch/x86/kernel/stacktrace.c
index ee117fcf46ed..1e5a06439adb 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/stacktrace.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/stacktrace.c

@@ -12,8 +12,16 @@
 #include <asm/stacktrace.h>
 #include <asm/unwind.h>
 
-void arch_stack_walk(stack_trace_consume_fn consume_entry, void *cookie,
-		     struct task_struct *task, struct pt_regs *regs)
+/*
+ * arch_stack_walk() and the functions it calls (__unwind_start(),
+ * unwind_next_frame(), unwind_get_return_address(),
+ * unwind_get_return_address_ptr()) must not be instrumented by ftrace,
+ * as they are invoked from within ftrace callbacks (e.g.,
+ * function_stack_trace_call). Tracing these functions would cause
+ * recursive ftrace reentrance, leading to a hard lockup.
+ */
+void notrace arch_stack_walk(stack_trace_consume_fn consume_entry, void *cookie,
+			     struct task_struct *task, struct pt_regs *regs)
 {
 	struct unwind_state state;
 	unsigned long addr;

diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_frame.c b/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_frame.c
index d8ba93778ae3..07d1b9f0208f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_frame.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_frame.c

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 #define FRAME_HEADER_SIZE (sizeof(long) * 2)
 
-unsigned long unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state)
+unsigned long notrace unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state)
 {
 	if (unwind_done(state))
 		return 0;

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ unsigned long unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unwind_get_return_address);
 
-unsigned long *unwind_get_return_address_ptr(struct unwind_state *state)
+unsigned long *notrace unwind_get_return_address_ptr(struct unwind_state *state)
 {
 	if (unwind_done(state))
 		return NULL;

@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ static bool update_stack_state(struct unwind_state *state,
 }
 
 __no_kmsan_checks
-bool unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state)
+bool notrace unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state)
 {
 	struct pt_regs *regs;
 	unsigned long *next_bp;

@@ -370,8 +370,8 @@ bool unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unwind_next_frame);
 
-void __unwind_start(struct unwind_state *state, struct task_struct *task,
-		    struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long *first_frame)
+void notrace __unwind_start(struct unwind_state *state, struct task_struct *task,
+			    struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long *first_frame)
 {
 	unsigned long *bp;

diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_guess.c b/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_guess.c
index 884d68a6e714..22d12e79984b 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_guess.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_guess.c

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include <asm/stacktrace.h>
 #include <asm/unwind.h>
 
-unsigned long unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state)
+unsigned long notrace unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state)
 {
 	unsigned long addr;

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ unsigned long unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unwind_get_return_address);
 
-unsigned long *unwind_get_return_address_ptr(struct unwind_state *state)
+unsigned long *notrace unwind_get_return_address_ptr(struct unwind_state *state)
 {
 	return NULL;
 }
 
-bool unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state)
+bool notrace unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state)
 {
 	struct stack_info *info = &state->stack_info;

@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ bool unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unwind_next_frame);
 
-void __unwind_start(struct unwind_state *state, struct task_struct *task,
-		    struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long *first_frame)
+void notrace __unwind_start(struct unwind_state *state, struct task_struct *task,
+			    struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long *first_frame)
 {
 	memset(state, 0, sizeof(*state));

diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_orc.c b/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_orc.c
index 6407bc9256bf..f2a450ee66e6 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_orc.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/unwind_orc.c

@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ void __init unwind_init(void)
 	orc_init = true;
 }
 
-unsigned long unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state)
+unsigned long notrace unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state)
 {
 	if (unwind_done(state))
 		return 0;

@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ unsigned long unwind_get_return_address(struct unwind_state *state)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unwind_get_return_address);
 
-unsigned long *unwind_get_return_address_ptr(struct unwind_state *state)
+unsigned long *notrace unwind_get_return_address_ptr(struct unwind_state *state)
 {
 	if (unwind_done(state))
 		return NULL;

@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ static bool get_reg(struct unwind_state *state, unsigned int reg_off,
 	return false;
 }
 
-bool unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state)
+bool notrace unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state)
 {
 	unsigned long ip_p, sp, tmp, orig_ip = state->ip, prev_sp = state->sp;
 	enum stack_type prev_type = state->stack_info.type;

@@ -709,8 +709,8 @@ bool unwind_next_frame(struct unwind_state *state)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unwind_next_frame);
 
-void __unwind_start(struct unwind_state *state, struct task_struct *task,
-		    struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long *first_frame)
+void notrace __unwind_start(struct unwind_state *state, struct task_struct *task,
+			    struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long *first_frame)
 {
 	memset(state, 0, sizeof(*state));
 	state->task = task;

-- 
2.39.3

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