I encountered a btrfs error on my system. I run Microsoft SQL Server in
a docker container on a btrfs filesystem on an SSD. When bulk-loading
some benchmark data, my system reproducibly enters in the following
failing state:

[  366.665714] BTRFS critical (device sda): corrupt leaf:
root=18446744073709551610 block=507544305664 slot=0, csum end range
(308900515840) goes beyond the start range (308900384768) of the next
csum item
[  366.665723] BTRFS info (device sda): leaf 507544305664 gen 18292
total ptrs 4 free space 3 owner 18446744073709551610
[  366.665725]  item 0 key (18446744073709551606 128 308891275264)
itemoff 7259 itemsize 9024
[  366.665727]  item 1 key (18446744073709551606 128 308900384768)
itemoff 7067 itemsize 192
[  366.665728]  item 2 key (18446744073709551606 128 309036716032)
itemoff 2587 itemsize 4480
[  366.665730]  item 3 key (18446744073709551606 128 309041303552)
itemoff 103 itemsize 2484
[  366.665731] BTRFS error (device sda): block=507544305664 write time
tree block corruption detected
[  366.665821] BTRFS: error (device sda) in btrfs_sync_log:3136:
errno=-5 IO failure
[  366.665824] BTRFS info (device sda): forced readonly

Please note the erroring ranges:
csum end:   308900515840
Start next: 308900384768
which is a difference of (1 << 17) == 0b100000000000000000 == 128KB
To me, this looks suspiciously like an off-by-one error, but I'm not too
versed in debugging btrfs.

I reproduced this several times on my machine using the attached
scripts. The only obvious similarity between the crashes is this 128KB
csum end / start next. Sometimes a get one corrupt leaf, sometimes many.
I tried to reproduce it on another machine with an HDD, but didn't
encounter this error there.
Can you help me to debug this further?

# uname -a
Linux desk 5.12.2-arch1-1 #1 SMP PREEMPT Fri, 07 May 2021 15:36:06 +0000
x86_64 GNU/Linux
# btrfs --version
btrfs-progs v5.11.1
# btrfs fi show
Label: none  uuid: 6733acf5-be40-4fe2-9d6f-819d39e49720
        Total devices 1 FS bytes used 187.11GiB
        devid    1 size 931.51GiB used 208.03GiB path /dev/sda
# btrfs fi df /ssdSpace
Data, single: total=207.00GiB, used=186.67GiB
System, single: total=32.00MiB, used=48.00KiB
Metadata, single: total=1.00GiB, used=450.08MiB
GlobalReserve, single: total=215.41MiB, used=0.00B