Re: [PATCH v8 04/10] mm: thp: Support allocation of anonymous multi-size THP

On 07.12.23 11:37, Ryan Roberts wrote:

On 06/12/2023 15:44, Ryan Roberts wrote:

quoted

On 06/12/2023 14:19, Ryan Roberts wrote:

quoted

On 05/12/2023 16:32, David Hildenbrand wrote:

quoted

On 04.12.23 11:20, Ryan Roberts wrote:

quoted

Introduce the logic to allow THP to be configured (through the new sysfs
interface we just added) to allocate large folios to back anonymous
memory, which are larger than the base page size but smaller than
PMD-size. We call this new THP extension "multi-size THP" (mTHP).

mTHP continues to be PTE-mapped, but in many cases can still provide
similar benefits to traditional PMD-sized THP: Page faults are
significantly reduced (by a factor of e.g. 4, 8, 16, etc. depending on
the configured order), but latency spikes are much less prominent
because the size of each page isn't as huge as the PMD-sized variant and
there is less memory to clear in each page fault. The number of per-page
operations (e.g. ref counting, rmap management, lru list management) are
also significantly reduced since those ops now become per-folio.

Some architectures also employ TLB compression mechanisms to squeeze
more entries in when a set of PTEs are virtually and physically
contiguous and approporiately aligned. In this case, TLB misses will
occur less often.

The new behaviour is disabled by default, but can be enabled at runtime
by writing to /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/hugepage-XXkb/enabled
(see documentation in previous commit). The long term aim is to change
the default to include suitable lower orders, but there are some risks
around internal fragmentation that need to be better understood first.

Signed-off-by: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>

In general, looks good to me, some comments/nits. And the usual "let's make sure
we don't degrade order-0 and keep that as fast as possible" comment.

quoted

---
   include/linux/huge_mm.h |   6 ++-
   mm/memory.c             | 106 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
   2 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/huge_mm.h b/include/linux/huge_mm.h
index bd0eadd3befb..91a53b9835a4 100644
--- a/include/linux/huge_mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/huge_mm.h

@@ -68,9 +68,11 @@ extern struct kobj_attribute shmem_enabled_attr;
   #define HPAGE_PMD_NR (1<<HPAGE_PMD_ORDER)
     /*
- * Mask of all large folio orders supported for anonymous THP.
+ * Mask of all large folio orders supported for anonymous THP; all orders up to
+ * and including PMD_ORDER, except order-0 (which is not "huge") and order-1
+ * (which is a limitation of the THP implementation).
    */
-#define THP_ORDERS_ALL_ANON    BIT(PMD_ORDER)
+#define THP_ORDERS_ALL_ANON    ((BIT(PMD_ORDER + 1) - 1) & ~(BIT(0) | BIT(1)))
     /*
    * Mask of all large folio orders supported for file THP.

diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
index 3ceeb0f45bf5..bf7e93813018 100644
--- a/mm/memory.c
+++ b/mm/memory.c

@@ -4125,6 +4125,84 @@ vm_fault_t do_swap_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
       return ret;
   }
   +static bool pte_range_none(pte_t *pte, int nr_pages)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) {
+        if (!pte_none(ptep_get_lockless(pte + i)))
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
+static struct folio *alloc_anon_folio(struct vm_fault *vmf)
+{
+    gfp_t gfp;
+    pte_t *pte;
+    unsigned long addr;
+    struct folio *folio;
+    struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
+    unsigned long orders;
+    int order;

Nit: reverse christmas tree encouraged ;)

ACK will fix.

quoted

quoted

+
+    /*
+     * If uffd is active for the vma we need per-page fault fidelity to
+     * maintain the uffd semantics.
+     */
+    if (userfaultfd_armed(vma))

Nit: unlikely()

ACK will fix.

quoted

quoted

+        goto fallback;
+
+    /*
+     * Get a list of all the (large) orders below PMD_ORDER that are enabled
+     * for this vma. Then filter out the orders that can't be allocated over
+     * the faulting address and still be fully contained in the vma.
+     */
+    orders = thp_vma_allowable_orders(vma, vma->vm_flags, false, true, true,
+                      BIT(PMD_ORDER) - 1);
+    orders = thp_vma_suitable_orders(vma, vmf->address, orders);

Comment: Both will eventually loop over all orders, correct? Could eventually be
sped up in the future.

No only thp_vma_suitable_orders() will loop. thp_vma_allowable_orders() only
loops if in_pf=false (it's true here).

quoted

Nit: the orders = ... order = ... looks like this might deserve a helper
function that makes this easier to read.

To be honest, the existing function that I've modified is a bit of a mess.
thp_vma_allowable_orders() calls thp_vma_suitable_orders() if we are not in a
page fault, because the page fault handlers already do that check themselves. It
would be nice to refactor the whole thing so that thp_vma_allowable_orders() is
a strict superset of thp_vma_suitable_orders(). Then this can just call
thp_vma_allowable_orders(). But that's going to start touching the PMD and PUD
handlers, so prefer if we leave that for a separate patch set.

quoted

Nit: Why call thp_vma_suitable_orders if the orders are already 0? Again, some
helper might be reasonable where that is handled internally.

Because thp_vma_suitable_orders() will handle it safely and is inline, so it
should just as efficient? This would go away with the refactoring described above.

quoted

Comment: For order-0 we'll always perform a function call to both
thp_vma_allowable_orders() / thp_vma_suitable_orders(). We should perform some
fast and efficient check if any <PMD THP are even enabled in the system / for
this VMA, and in that case just fallback before doing more expensive checks.

I just noticed I got these functions round the wrong way in my previous response:

quoted

thp_vma_allowable_orders() is inline as you mentioned.

^ Meant thp_vma_suitable_orders() here.

quoted

I was deliberately trying to keep all the decision logic in one place
(thp_vma_suitable_orders) because it's already pretty complicated. But if you

^ Meant thp_vma_allowable_orders() here.

Sorry for the confusion.

quoted

insist, how about this in the header:

static inline
unsigned long thp_vma_allowable_orders(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				       unsigned long vm_flags, bool smaps,
				       bool in_pf, bool enforce_sysfs,
				       unsigned long orders)
{
	/* Optimization to check if required orders are enabled early. */
	if (enforce_sysfs && vma_is_anonymous(vma)) {
		unsigned long mask = READ_ONCE(huge_anon_orders_always);

		if (vm_flags & VM_HUGEPAGE)
			mask |= READ_ONCE(huge_anon_orders_madvise);
		if (hugepage_global_always() ||
			((vm_flags & VM_HUGEPAGE) && hugepage_global_enabled()))
			mask |= READ_ONCE(huge_anon_orders_inherit);

		orders &= mask;
		if (!orders)
			return 0;
		
		enforce_sysfs = false;
	}

	return __thp_vma_allowable_orders(vma, vm_flags, smaps, in_pf,
					  enforce_sysfs, orders);
}

Then the above check can be removed from __thp_vma_allowable_orders() - it will
still retain the `if (enforce_sysfs && !vma_is_anonymous(vma))` part.

quoted

quoted

+
+    if (!orders)
+        goto fallback;
+
+    pte = pte_offset_map(vmf->pmd, vmf->address & PMD_MASK);
+    if (!pte)
+        return ERR_PTR(-EAGAIN);
+
+    order = first_order(orders);
+    while (orders) {
+        addr = ALIGN_DOWN(vmf->address, PAGE_SIZE << order);
+        vmf->pte = pte + pte_index(addr);
+        if (pte_range_none(vmf->pte, 1 << order))
+            break;

Comment: Likely it would make sense to scan only once and determine the "largest
none range" around that address, having the largest suitable order in mind.

Yes, that's how I used to do it, but Yu Zhou requested simplifying to this,
IIRC. Perhaps this an optimization opportunity for later?

quoted

quoted

+        order = next_order(&orders, order);
+    }
+
+    vmf->pte = NULL;

Nit: Can you elaborate why you are messing with vmf->pte here? A simple helper
variable will make this code look less magical. Unless I am missing something
important :)

Gahh, I used to pass the vmf to what pte_range_none() was refactored into (an
approach that was suggested by Yu Zhou IIRC). But since I did some refactoring
based on some comments from JohnH, I see I don't need that anymore. Agreed; it
will be much clearer just to use a local variable. Will fix.

quoted

quoted

+    pte_unmap(pte);
+
+    gfp = vma_thp_gfp_mask(vma);
+
+    while (orders) {
+        addr = ALIGN_DOWN(vmf->address, PAGE_SIZE << order);
+        folio = vma_alloc_folio(gfp, order, vma, addr, true);
+        if (folio) {
+            clear_huge_page(&folio->page, addr, 1 << order);
+            return folio;
+        }
+        order = next_order(&orders, order);
+    }
+

Queestion: would it make sense to combine both loops? I suspect memory
allocations with pte_offset_map()/kmao are problematic.

They are both operating on separate orders; next_order() is "consuming" an order
by removing the current one from the orders bitfield and returning the next one.

So the first loop starts at the highest order and keeps checking lower orders
until one fully fits in the VMA. And the second loop starts at the first order
that was found to fully fits and loops to lower orders until an allocation is
successful.

So I don't see a need to combine the loops.

quoted

quoted

+fallback:
+    return vma_alloc_zeroed_movable_folio(vma, vmf->address);
+}
+#else
+#define alloc_anon_folio(vmf) \
+        vma_alloc_zeroed_movable_folio((vmf)->vma, (vmf)->address)
+#endif
+
   /*
    * We enter with non-exclusive mmap_lock (to exclude vma changes,
    * but allow concurrent faults), and pte mapped but not yet locked.

@@ -4132,6 +4210,9 @@ vm_fault_t do_swap_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
    */
   static vm_fault_t do_anonymous_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
   {
+    int i;
+    int nr_pages = 1;
+    unsigned long addr = vmf->address;
       bool uffd_wp = vmf_orig_pte_uffd_wp(vmf);
       struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
       struct folio *folio;

Nit: reverse christmas tree :)

ACK

quoted

quoted

@@ -4176,10 +4257,15 @@ static vm_fault_t do_anonymous_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
       /* Allocate our own private page. */
       if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
           goto oom;
-    folio = vma_alloc_zeroed_movable_folio(vma, vmf->address);
+    folio = alloc_anon_folio(vmf);
+    if (IS_ERR(folio))
+        return 0;
       if (!folio)
           goto oom;
   +    nr_pages = folio_nr_pages(folio);
+    addr = ALIGN_DOWN(vmf->address, nr_pages * PAGE_SIZE);
+
       if (mem_cgroup_charge(folio, vma->vm_mm, GFP_KERNEL))
           goto oom_free_page;
       folio_throttle_swaprate(folio, GFP_KERNEL);

@@ -4196,12 +4282,13 @@ static vm_fault_t do_anonymous_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
       if (vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE)
           entry = pte_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);
   -    vmf->pte = pte_offset_map_lock(vma->vm_mm, vmf->pmd, vmf->address,
-            &vmf->ptl);
+    vmf->pte = pte_offset_map_lock(vma->vm_mm, vmf->pmd, addr, &vmf->ptl);
       if (!vmf->pte)
           goto release;
-    if (vmf_pte_changed(vmf)) {
-        update_mmu_tlb(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte);
+    if ((nr_pages == 1 && vmf_pte_changed(vmf)) ||
+        (nr_pages  > 1 && !pte_range_none(vmf->pte, nr_pages))) {
+        for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++)
+            update_mmu_tlb(vma, addr + PAGE_SIZE * i, vmf->pte + i);

Comment: separating the order-0 case from the other case might make this easier
to read.

Yeah fair enough. Will fix.

quoted

quoted

           goto release;
       }
   @@ -4216,16 +4303,17 @@ static vm_fault_t do_anonymous_page(struct vm_fault
*vmf)
           return handle_userfault(vmf, VM_UFFD_MISSING);
       }
   -    inc_mm_counter(vma->vm_mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
-    folio_add_new_anon_rmap(folio, vma, vmf->address);
+    folio_ref_add(folio, nr_pages - 1);
+    add_mm_counter(vma->vm_mm, MM_ANONPAGES, nr_pages);
+    folio_add_new_anon_rmap(folio, vma, addr);
       folio_add_lru_vma(folio, vma);
   setpte:
       if (uffd_wp)
           entry = pte_mkuffd_wp(entry);
-    set_pte_at(vma->vm_mm, vmf->address, vmf->pte, entry);
+    set_ptes(vma->vm_mm, addr, vmf->pte, entry, nr_pages);
         /* No need to invalidate - it was non-present before */
-    update_mmu_cache_range(vmf, vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte, 1);
+    update_mmu_cache_range(vmf, vma, addr, vmf->pte, nr_pages);
   unlock:
       if (vmf->pte)
           pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);

Benchmarking order-0 allocations might be interesting. There will be some added
checks + multiple loops/conditionals for order-0 that could be avoided by having
two separate code paths. If we can't measure a difference, all good.

Yep will do - will post numbers once I have them. I've been assuming that the
major cost is clearing the page, but perhaps I'm wrong.

I added a "write-fault-byte" benchmark to the microbenchmark tool you gave me.
This elides the normal memset page population routine, and instead writes the
first byte of every page while the timer is running.

I ran with 100 iterations per run, then ran the whole thing 16 times. I ran it
for a baseline kernel, as well as v8 (this series) and v9 (with changes from
your review). I repeated on Ampere Altra (bare metal) and Apple M2 (VM):

|              |        m2 vm        |        altra        |
|--------------|---------------------|--------------------:|
| kernel       |     mean |  std_rel |     mean |  std_rel |
|--------------|----------|----------|----------|---------:|
| baseline     |   0.000% |   0.341% |   0.000% |   3.581% |
| anonfolio-v8 |   0.005% |   0.272% |   5.068% |   1.128% |
| anonfolio-v9 |  -0.013% |   0.442% |   0.107% |   1.788% |

No measurable difference on M2, but altra has a slow down in v8 which is fixed
in v9; Looking at the changes, this is either down to the new unlikely() for the
uffd or due to moving the THP order check to be inline within
thp_vma_allowable_orders().

I suspect the last one.

So I have all the changes done and perf numbers to show no regression for
order-0. I'm gonna do a final check and post v9 later today.

Good!

Let me catch up on your comments real quick.

-- 
Cheers,

David / dhildenb


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